History, violence, first-person shooter, Call of Duty, historical memory, truth, guns Due to that emergent historical uncertainty, the production of historical knowledge through Reloaded and Black Ops does not solely emerge from games and gameplay, but from extratextual dialogue and debate that extends beyond the games themselves.
Although scholars have linked diegetic violence, clear narrative progression, and the oversimplification of historical events in FPS games, I illustrate that the specific type of diegetic violence these games afford thwarts comprehensibility of the historical narrative of Kennedy’s death by limiting how players experience and control violent acts. I provide narratological and ludological readings of two first-person shooter (FPS) games that invite players to experience President Kennedy’s assassination- JFK:Reloaded (released in 2004) and Call of Duty: Black Ops (released in 2010)-as well as other players’ accounts and interpretations of their gaming experiences gleaned from online forum posts, focusing on the way violence is constructed within both games. In this article, I consider whether videogames that have engaged with Kennedy’s death have similarly opened up this historical narrative to reinterpretation. Consequently, the assassination has been explored through literature, film, and television-and, more recently, videogames-in ways that have generated countless alternate historical narratives, unsettling the possibility of determining what actually happened to the President half a century ago. Kennedy’s death in 1963, a story still mired in uncertainty and disinformation. “There Has To Be More To It”: Diegetic Violence and the Uncertainty of President Kennedy’s Death by Carrie Andersen Abstractįew moments in American history are as contested and controversial as President John F.
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